ABSTRACT
The Europeanization of migration and asylum policies shifted the decision-making process for border control policies from the national to the EU level. However, recent developments highlight aspirations to recover sovereignty in some EU member states; at the same time, the reception of refugees and asylum-seekers is increasingly managed at a local level, either by associations or citizens. In this chapter, recent migration and refugee crises illustrate the difficulties that, in an emergency context, accompany norm transfer from the European Union to the national and sometimes local levels.
