ABSTRACT
The overland routes traversed by traders have always been fraught with different types of dangers, which decreased or increased with the intensity and reduction of global networking of urban places and nuclei of political authority. The Vedic Aryans who together with fellow Harappans migrated from the decaying urban places in the Harappan mainland to Saurasthra and Kathiawar were actively engaged in gem designing and export to west Asian markets during these 500 years and even afterwards. The importance of livestock trade particularly during the decaying stages of a globally interactive market economy can hardly be overemphasized. The Indo-Iranian borderland and the neighbouring areas must have been carrying a lucrative trade in textiles and woollens. The main function of the animal was to serve as pack animals in the difficult hilly terrains of the Indo-Iranian borderland where neither the chariot nor the horse could offer much help to travellers or caravaneers.
