ABSTRACT
Bureaucracies are primarily responsible for advising governments on policies and for implementing them. This chapter outlines the strategies related to bureaucracies. The strategies are implemented to avoid grade repetition, defer the specialized tracking of students to the age of 15–16 years, reduce class size if accompanied by evidence-based measures, collect disaggregated data on student achievement, avoid ethnic disproportionality in special education placements, avoid gender disproportionality in special education placements, and implement intercultural education. In setting class sizes, serious consideration should be given to having fewer students in first 3–4 years of schooling and in classes with a high proportion of disadvantaged children. According to the Council of Europe (2008), intercultural education comprises 'an open and respectful exchange of views between individuals, groups with different ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic backgrounds and heritage on the basis of mutual understanding and respect'.
