ABSTRACT
Multimodal ethnography can be many things. Visual ethnography, for example, can be a combination of writing and photography. Traditional ethnographies are for the most part unimodal, that is, they are communication products that make use of only one mode of communication: writing. Gesturing and singing are other modes, and so is writing. Television is a single medium, but it can transmit several modes of communication such as recorded or live dialog, still images, moving images, and writing. There are multiple and growing possibilities for combining ethnographic writing with other modes for different analytical purposes or for the sake of broader knowledge mobilization. Whether a journal is published in HTML or PDF version, photos and video can be embedded directly into one's writing. While photography needs writing to convey a more contextualized message, video is immediately multimodal when it conveys multiple forms of communication such as speech, gesture, movement, and other sounds.
