ABSTRACT
As landscapes are the product of continuous change over time, the objective of forest landscape restoration (FLR) should never be to lock the landscapes into a configuration that exists at a single point in time, nor should it be to restore the landscape to a condition that existed at some arbitrary point in the past, a weakness of many attempts to restore or rehabilitate landscapes. This chapter presents experience of ways of approaching FLR without the constraints of sectoral or disciplinary interests. We explore a number of techniques that enable the landscape to be considered in a holistic way to ensure that the legitimate interests of all stakeholders are addressed in an equitable and balanced way. Integrative science and concepts of sustainability science are highlighted as particularly useful in this regard. Basic principles or considerations of landscape approaches that are applicable to FLR include: continuous learning and adaptation; common understanding of problems among stakeholders; consideration of multiple scales; multi-functionality of landscapes; multiple stakeholders’ needs; theory of change; clear rights and responsibilities; participatory monitoring; social and ecological resilience; and individual and institutional capacity.
