ABSTRACT
Cheating on tests is no longer the old-fashioned battle between students trying to outsmart their teacher with sophisticated crib sheets or secret ways of communicating with their fellows and teachers walking around trying to catch them in the act. For one thing, it is no longer just students who cheat. Test proctors have been caught doing so, and so have admission officers at educational institutions. In fact, beginning with Levitt and Rubner's (2005) revelation of a widespread plot of teacher and school administrators improving their students's answer sheets, it has become clear that anyone with a personal stake in the achievements of students could be a potential cheater. Even more worrisome, cheating has become a profitable business with organized crime harvesting test items through networks of henchmen and selling complete test forms through websites (for a notorious example, see www.actualtests.com).
