ABSTRACT
The bases of the frontal lobes are more commonly affected as they impact on cribriform plate, orbits and frontal bones; the temporal lobes collide with the greater sphenoid wing. In total, 85" of extradural haematomas are associated with a skull fracture. Longitudinal fractures account for up to 80" of temporal bone fractures. The central nervous system (CNS) is affected by subependymal hamartomas, cortical tubers, heterotopic grey matter islands and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas. Central stenosis is mostly the result of bilateral facet joint degeneration causing a slip. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is the most common vascular malformation of the cord. There is an abnormal direct communication between the arteries and veins of the cord with a central nidus. World Health Organisation (WHO) grading is the most commonly used grading system for CNS tumours and is useful for treatment planning. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital CNS infection.
