ABSTRACT
The most common primary cancer of the prostate is acinar adenocarcinoma, which accounts for about 95 percent of all prostatic malignancies and is thus called prostatic or prostate cancer (carcinoma). Prostate cancer is the second most frequent male malignancy (after skin cancer), and the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Risk factors for prostate cancer are advancing age (greater than 50 years), ethnicity or race, family history, and possibly diet. Clinical presentations of prostate cancer include no symptoms, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, decreased urine stream, hematuria, nocturia, erectile dysfunction, pain or burning during urination, discomfort when sitting, pain in back and bone, fatigue, and weight loss. Diagnosis of prostate cancer involves digital rectal exam (DRE), transurethral ultrasound (with a sensitivity of 70 percent), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) detection, and histological confirmation as well as molecular urine assay. Treatment options for prostate cancer are watchful waiting, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy/brachytherapy, focal laser ablation, cryotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy, chemotherapy, and combination therapy.
