ABSTRACT
The development of hyperspectral remote sensing (HRS) needs supports from non-imaging field spectroscopy techniques and plant biology instruments for purposes of calibrating and validating HRS sensors, data, and applications. The in situ spectral measurements taken by using frequently used modern field spectrometers are important to better understanding spectral characteristics of Earth's surface and atmospheric materials/constitutes. This chapter introduces work principles, structures, operations in the field, and application areas of frequently used modern spectrometers. It addresses the definition, history, and roles of developing spectrometers for the non-imaging spectrometers. The frequently used modern field spectroradiometers include Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) FieldSpec series spectroradiometers, Spectra Vista Corporation (GER) series field spectroradiometers, Spectral Evolution series field spectroradiometers, SpectraScan spectroradiometers, and Ocean Optics USB2000+ series custom modular spectrometers. Finally, the chapter outlines plant biology instruments for measuring leaf area and leaf area index, for measuring photosynthesis and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) and also for measuring chlorophyll content.
