Introduction

In this chapter, the author argues that the malfunctioning of existing democracy, in particular the domination by the leadership over the society and popular organizations, but rather was characteristic of any complex social system. He laid down what has come to be the major political argument against Rousseau's concept of direct popular democracy which underlay much of the traditional democratic and socialist theory. Political parties, trade unions, and all other large organizations tend to develop a bureaucratic structure, that is, a system of rational organization, hierarchically organized. The status of Political Parties as a classic of social science has been attested to many times. The German scholar, Max Weber, who has had perhaps more influence on sociology and the other social sciences than any other single sociologist, was a close personal friend of the author.