ABSTRACT
The existence of separate, segregated groups in cities carrying on a life of exchange, but highly restricted social contact, with other groups and the larger society is a frequent occurrence in history. The Chinatown of nineteenth-century San Francisco was segregated by external and internal desire. Slavery in the American South systematically destroyed social structure, even reaching to the family itself. The master class carefully saw to it that its slaves were deprived of a social structure that might have provided leadership and organization for resistance. With the destruction of the Freedman's Bureau the post-Civil War attempt to counteract the effects of slavery was abandoned and a new system of enforced servility was established. By 1950, however, the Chinese and Japanese showed almost twice as large a proportion as Negroes in professional, managerial (including farming), and clerical occupations, and, correspondingly, a much smaller proportion in crafts or production work in industry.
