ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on type I multi-issue eco-label schemes rather than unverified type II self-declaratory eco-labels, which have a poor reputation in most EU member states. It also ignores single-issue schemes, which are evaluated by an independent party. The chapter assesses national and supranational eco-label schemes in Austria, Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands as well as the European Union (EU). It shows that eco-labels can play an important role in fostering environmental responsibility-taking among political consumers. Traditionally, environmental policymakers have relied heavily on "command-and-control" environmental regulations, which stipulate mandatory product or process standards. The German Blue Angel acted as a model for the Austrian eco-label scheme. The core institutional features of the Dutch eco-label scheme are reminiscent of the German and Austrian schemes. The British debate about a national eco-label started in earnest in the 1990s after a wave of green consumerism swept through Britain in the late 1980s.
