ABSTRACT
This chapter addresses planning, wherein alternative ways of exerting control over some phenomenon (called here the desideratum) are described and measured with respect to their physical feasibility, and their costs and benefits to various parts of society. It examines the role of politics in decision-making, as were some elementary aspects of decision-making itself. The dominant effect is to make the politics of the implementation process highly defensive. The chapter discusses the role of economics in program implementation, and some attention was paid to the authoritarian demands of applied science and the problems of balancing these demands against ethical egalitarianism. The central role of the principles of equifinality and equioriginality in applied science is suggested by Weber's distinction between "technical" and "economic" questions. The chapter also discusses evaluation research and monitoring, and a final word was said concerning the feedback of information from applied science to pure science.
