ABSTRACT
Social organisations are simply large social groups in which the leadership hierarchy and role-differentiation have become formalised into fixed ranks and offices, norms have become rules, and in which methods of communication and work are prescribed. The social system provides a way of dealing with the external and internal tasks of the group. The organisational structure is fixed and frozen, and it is very difficult to make the changes which are increasingly needed for technological and other reasons. There may be conflict between an individual's role-expectations and those of others in the organisation. Role conflicts may also be resolved by changes in the social structure; such changes may be initiated by administrators, but may be partly brought about by the individuals involved in the conflict. Role ambiguity is usually resolved by seeking more direct instructions or rulings, such as producing books of instructions.
