ABSTRACT
In this chapter, the author concerns the threat of high-level denial and deception (D&D) has waxed and waned among Americans since the end of World War II. Sometimes they fear that D&D has shaped threat assessments: witness the 1976 "A Team/B Team experiment" in a competitive intelligence analysis undertaken by the Gerald R. Ford White House. Foreign D&D occurs when state or nonstate actors use denial and deception to achieve their objectives against US targets, interests, or policies. Various "channels" of communication are used by D&D practitioners. Sometimes intelligence sources and methods channel "corrupt" information to policymakers. Based on historical experience and deductive logic, a successful denial and deception campaign requires several components. First, the campaign benefits from strategic coherence. Second, deception is enhanced when the strategic culture of the adversary is understood. Third, deception requires information channels to reach the adversary. Fourth, a successful D&D campaign benefits from feedback mechanisms to collect data about the target's behavior.
