ABSTRACT
In the second half of the twentieth century, two momentous events shook the Muslim world, both external, and, as Hassan Turabi put it, necessitated a Muslim response. Even when some Islamic governments turn against the Muslim radicals, like Egypt against the Brothers or Saudi Arabia against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Muslim populace in those countries remains sentimentally loyal to them, especially when they hit the West or Israel. Tens of thousands of Muslim Mujahideen had indeed been recruited by American encouragement and Saudi backing from all over the Islamic world to flock to Afghanistan and help the fight against the hated Communist Superpower until its capitulation. Even though America has later taken the lead of the Arabo-Western coalition to battle ISIS, it has limited its intervention to air strikes and to training Iraqi troops, in an attempt to avoid a recurrence of the costly Iraqi and Afghani ventures.
