ABSTRACT
Deeply disappointed by betrayal at Lausanne, Kurds intensified their armed rebellion in February 1925. Sheikh Said Piran established Azadi, the Kurdish Independence Society. When Turkish warplanes attacked Kurdish positions, rebels took refuge in their high-altitude encampments. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk declared martial law, assigned Turkish administrators to the Southeast, and issued land grants to Turkish war veterans. Ataturk's Republican People's Party adopted draconian security measures targeting Kurds after Dersim. Kurdish cultural rights were restricted through ordinances forbidding the use of Kurdish language in official proceedings and in court. The Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) passed the Resettlement Law on June 14, 1934. The bill authorized local authorities to collect taxes, seize property, and relocate Kurds who were deemed a risk to state security. Women's emancipation became a symbol of the Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan egalitarian ideals and its fight for social justice against the feudal and patriarchal Kurdish society.
