ABSTRACT

For one thing, some forces automatically conduce to change, so that any organization managing to survive for more than a very brief period inevitably adjusts to new conditions whether its members and leaders want to or not, and, in fact, whether they know it or not. Personnel turnover is characteristic of large organizations that endure for longer than very short intervals. Newcomers to organizations, no matter how carefully screened, bring with them values and perceptions at least a little divergent from those prevailing among members and leaders of long standing. Organizations also change, however, because people deliberately change them. When the prime cause of inability to change is the lack of resources to effect the measures widely recognized and agreed upon, obtaining resources from other organizations that have them in abundance is the usual way out of the dilemma. Organizations nevertheless do acquire resources from other organizations.