ABSTRACT
Modern nationalism was initially a bourgeois phenomenon, created of, by, and primarily for the middle class, which was very much aware of its politico-economic aims and strongly determined to achieve them. This association of nationalism with socialism was one of the most significant trends of the twentieth century. The blending of nationalism and socialism has taken place in democratic countries as well as in Fascist or Communist dictatorships. A distinction between the old nationalism and the new may be found in their differing attitudes toward individualism, popular sovereignty, and the state. Among the factors in the structure of nationalism are common language, race, religion, and traditions. Psychological motivation, always at work in the older nationalism, carried over into the new nationalism in intensified form. The new nationalism is in truth a political religion, a nationalistic univer-salism which identifies the standards and goals of a particular nation with the principles that govern the universe.
