ABSTRACT
As a group the humanitarian nationalists believed that every nationality was entitled to unhampered development consonant with its own genius. At the end of the eighteenth century the theories of nationalism reached a point at which they were either aristocratic or democratic, or neither one. Jacobin nationalism was the prototype of the later national conscript armies, public schools, public instruction, controlled journalism, and lip service to freedom. Traditional nationalism was a countermovement to the forces set in motion by the French Revolution, even though it claimed the same humanitarian motives as had the Jacobins. In domestic affairs integral nationalism was illiberal and tyrannical because it required all citizens to conform to a common standard of manners and morals and to share the same unreasoning enthusiasm. Pflanze's distinction between the state-nation and the nation-state of nineteenth-century Europe has already been applied to the study of the new nationalism. Any typology of nationalism tends to set sharper divisions than exist in reality.
