ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on sadness, elation, anxiety, and anger, which are clinically important in depressive, manic, anxiety, and paranoid states, respectively. The special meaning of a particular loss to an individual determines the degree of emotional response. In order to produce sadness, a loss must be conceived by the person as subtracting from his domain in some significant way. The essential condition for producing euphoria is a gain, that is, increased evaluation of his domain by the individual. This may be produced by expansion of the boundaries of the domain, by the acquisition of new friends, development of new skills, or addition of new tangible objects, such as a new car. The arousal of anxiety depends on the appraisal of a threat to the domain. Most frequently such threats are concerned with the danger of some physical or psychological injuries to the person.
