ABSTRACT
A number of metals are obtained as by-products of the extraction of some other material. Industrial metals are therefore seldom pure. Aluminum is heavily used in construction, automobiles, aircraft, and appliances. Where weight reduction is important, as in aircraft construction, the low density of aluminum is an important advantage. Good heat transfer properties make it useful for parts of internal combustion engines, compressors and radiators. Cobalt is a by-product of mining copper and other metals. It is used largely in alloys in such applications as aircraft, turbines, and magnets. Copper is used in a vast range of applications including wiring, plumbing, roofing, and cookware manufacturing. These depend on the high electrical and heat conductivity of copper and its good weathering properties. Alloys are the chief use of vanadium. The ores are widely distributed and the metal is usually extracted by leaching. Other metals are usually produced along with vanadium.
