ABSTRACT
Complex human conditions are best understood by a multifaceted perspective that considers underlying factors at the individual, organisational, cultural and societal level. The theoretical perspective of symbolic interactionism focuses on meaning and understanding primarily at the individual level with limited ability to consider larger organisational and societal level systems. Symbolic interactionism is not usually applied to explanations of power and social inequality. The lens of critical social theory, however, does view social inequalities and power imbalances within larger organisations and societal systems. Critical social theory often utilises a macro perspective with limited attention to the individual level. The two approaches of symbolic interactionism and critical social theory are combined to create ‘critical interactionism’ to increase understanding and explanation of complex human conditions. Concepts of meaning from symbolic interactionism and emancipation from critical perspective move across system levels to address complex human conditions and social inequalities among individuals, organisations and societies. This provides a powerful approach for addressing complex human issues, moving back and forth between the micro and macro levels. Critical interactionism can be used both to understand phenomena and to guide research across systems levels. This chapter reviews the historical and philosophical origins of symbolic interactionism and critical social theory, and analyses areas of divergence and synergism. Examples from the older incarcerated population and people without housing illustrate application of the critical interactionist perspective.
