ABSTRACT
The two Mongol conquests of the first half of the thirteenth century had fateful repercussions in the eastern half of the Muslim world. Mongol rulers reigned over eastern Anatolia, Iraq, Iran, the Russian steppes, and Central Asiafor a century. Meanwhile, Turks established new states on the periphery of the Mongol-ruled empires: the Ottoman Sultanate, the Mamluk Empire in Egypt, and the Delhi Sultanate. Scholars and artists who fled Mongol violence flocked to these new powers, creating vibrant centers of Islamic culture. Then, in the second half of the fourteenth century, the plague repeatedly struck the Dar al-Islam, and Timur Lang devastated the eastern half of the Muslim world on an even wider scale than the Mongols had the previous century.
