ABSTRACT
This chapter provides memories of the Shoah and participants' remembrances of making Aliyah are recounted, reflecting their narratives at four levels of resilience. With the founding of Zionism in the late 1800s, there were five waves of Aliyah: In the first Aliyah, most immigrants came from Russia and Yemen; the second, before World War I, consisted of Russian Jews; the third wave, after World War I until 1923, was also from Russia and established Jewish agriculture economy; the fourth Aliyah, from 1924 to 1929, was made up of Jews from Poland and Hungary and created a business class; while the fifth Aliyah, a response to the rise of Nazism, came between 1929 and the beginning of World War II. At the age of 20, L. K. joined HaBonim, a Zionist organization started in England and dedicated to founding a Jewish homeland and training people to make Aliyah, or to "go up" to Israel.
