ABSTRACT
Physical displacement, relocation and resettlement are widely acknowledged as posing enormous risks to project-affected peoples. For over four decades, scholars, campaigners and project-affected people have sought to highlight the effects of development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR).2 During this time, there has been a proliferation of case studies, research and academic
literature showcasing the different dimensions of this highly problematic and contested practice.3 Advancements in defining minimum standards for developers around consultation, planning, compensation, grievance handling and livelihood restoration have since occurred, spearheaded by the World Bank Group’s social safeguards for involuntary resettlement.4 Many international finance institutions (IFIs) and other organizations have aligned with these standards, which are now the global reference point for DIDR.5
