ABSTRACT
The designer of an aircraft engine must recognize the varying requirements for takeoff, climb, cruise, and maneuvering, the relative importance of these being different for civil and military applications and for long- and short-haul aircraft. In early aircraft, it was common practice to focus on the takeoff thrust. This is no longer adequate for later and present-day aircraft. For long-range civil transports like Boeing 747-8, 777-200 LR, and 777-300 ER, 787-8 and 787-9 Dreamliner, Airbus A340-500, A340-600, A380, A350-900 and A350-1000, the fuel consumption through some 10 or more flight hours is the dominant parameter. Military aircraft have numerous criteria: the rate of climb, maneuverability for fighters (some examples for the fifth generation: F-22 Raptor, Sukhoi Su-32, 34 and superjet 100, Chendu J-20 and Shenyang J-31), short takeoff distance for aircraft (F-35 series) operating from air carriers, and maximum ceilings for high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft like SR-71 Blackbird aircraft. For civil and military freighter airplanes (Airbus A400, Airbus Beluga, Boeing C-17, Lockheed Galaxy C-5, An 225, Il 76), the maximum payload is its main requirement.
