ABSTRACT
The techniques available for the characterization of nanomaterials are designed with specific properties and applications as per requirements. Instrument techniques include transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Powder diffraction is a scientific technique uses x-ray, neutron or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for the characterization and determination of structure of materials. This chapter discusses photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy which concerns monitoring the light emitted from atoms or molecules after they have absorbed photons. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy is widely utilized to quantitatively characterize organic and inorganic nano-sized molecules. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique used to determine qualitative and quantitative features of infrared (IR)-active molecules in an organic or inorganic solid, liquid or gas sample based on its interaction with IR radiation.
