ABSTRACT
Alternative criminologies examines the simultaneously alternative dimensions of crime and the professional and non-professional, visual, artistic and emotional criminologies that attempt to portray why crime and justice take the forms they do. Conservative alternative criminologies are typified as either preserving the status quo, deliberately or by default, or as changing it in such ways that exploitation of the poor and powerless by the rich and powerful is less likely to be diminished and more likely to be increased. Innovations in criminological perspectives since The New Criminology have been generated by substantive, and by theoretical and conceptual issues. During first 15 years of the 21st century, politics, economy and culture have continued to dominate the criminological debate, albeit in new theorisations, which produce competing perspectives on the relationships between states, politics, criminal justice policies and ideologies. Academic, campaigning and everyday criminologists in UK, USA and Australia have persistently been involved in legal and/or political battles against injustice and corruption.
