ABSTRACT
We discussed three reasons for policy formulation failure. First, policymakers fail to perceive the need for a policy. Second, groupthink and decision-making biases blind policymakers regarding the negative consequences of a policy. To lessen the chance of failure, the policy-formulation process should include a devil's advocate who passionately believes in an alternative point of view and has the stature to be heeded. Also, the key decision maker in the process should take a neutral stance to foster openness and trust. Finally, policymakers should scan well the sentiments of the stakeholders who will be affected by a contemplated policy.
With respect to reformulation, agencies should monitor performance, reformulating a policy that does not deliver on its promised outcomes. Regarding policy implementation, we discussed four factors that affect it: the extent of preparation; the adequacy of resources, especially staffing; politics; and managerial competence.
