ABSTRACT
Basic practices of reality, Cognitive-Behavioral, dialectical-behavioral, and mind-body-spirit interventions will help illustrate equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP) presentation as a multi-theoretical model in which individual practitioners might utilize their preferred theoretical approaches. Noteworthy, perhaps, its singular contribution to the healing of trauma is that EFP leverages the therapeutic effects of physical touch. Given the deficits in early childhood attachment including emotional touching coupled with longstanding proscriptions regarding therapists touching their clients. Children having oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) typically display negativity towards authority, and exhibit animosity and non-compliance. Parent education/environment: Paternal antisocial personality disorder (ADP) and low/poor maternal supervision and discipline appear to invite the development of conduct disorder in children, with paternal ADP being most significant for the development of ODD. Youth referred for treatment often come via the usual routes—referrals from parents or other family; foster parents; Child Protective Services or a similar agency; or group homes.
