ABSTRACT
The appraisals may initiate a chain of activity and coping actions to manage a situation. Coping responses are essentially inseparable from the stressors or life-strains that they seek to ameliorate or overcome, and are equally inseparable from the emotional impact, that is, the potential resultant effect of stressors. Two approaches have emerged that complement the transactional/appraisal theories of coping: conservation of resources theory, with its extension to communal coping; and proactive coping, with its emphasis on goal management. Qualities of leadership are closely linked to proactive coping and leadership skills are often fostered as part of the adolescent experience. Susan Folkman made modifications to the original theoretical model of stress and coping proposed by Richard Lazarus and Folkman, so as to accommodate positive psychological states. Early interest in the adaptational process dates back to the nineteenth century with the work of Sigmund Freud and the work he did on psychological defences in an attempt to understand how people manage anxiety.
