ABSTRACT
Neurogenesis is a highly regulated process by which neural stem cells give rise to neural progenitors, which later differentiate into mature, terminally differentiated neurons. Neurodegeneration is the undesirable loss of neurons following injury, accumulation of toxic gene products, or aging. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an integral component of gene regulatory pathways that drive neurogenesis. This chapter presents an overview of the diverse gene regulatory steps at which miRNA-mediated control impacts neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. The rapid evolution of the human brain is closely related to the higher complexity of gene regulation encoded in our genomes. Primate-specific miRNAs may hold the secrets to some of the fundamental questions that comparative genomics has tried to address, to understand the unique features of the human brain. Dysregulation of miRNAs during neurodegeneration jeopardizes the fine regulation of neuronal functions, precipitating diseases that take a heavy toll on the health of the individual and the societal burden of healthcare. In this scenario, the emergence of noncoding RNAs as a potential drug and drug target provides renewed hope and highlights the relevance of enhancing our understanding of miRNAs in brain functions.
