ABSTRACT
Since the mid-1970s waterfront cities large and small have invested heavily in the revitalization of their urban waterfronts. Abandoned wharves, docks, and piers have been transformed into attractive destinations for tourists and local residents alike. Gone are the sounds of riveting from shipyards, the smell of fish being baled out of fishing boats, the sight of longshoremen crowding the entrance to the union hall. In their place are the sounds of cash registers, the smells of ethnic food markets, and the sight of tourists lining up for ice cream cones and harbor tours. The old harbor-front has disappeared, and an extension of the central business district's (CBD) retail and entertainment functions has begun to occupy its former site. On the long-vacant industrial shorelines of New York's Manhattan Island, Baltimore's Inner Harbor, and Chelsea's naval yard, new developments that return life to the waterfront are tinged only by nostalgia for what has long been lost.
