ABSTRACT
Choice of rootstock species for nursery and amenity purposes is best based on availability and performance under nursery conditions. In Northern Europe and the USA, Abies alba, A. koreana and A. nordmanniana are prime candidates; in Southern Europe and Southern USA, the choice would be A. firma with resistance to high soil temperatures sometimes coupled with high moisture content. Tying-in is best done using the double finger tying technique. The rather stiff horizontal needles and side branches of most Abies can be more easily held and controlled with this method. In the mid-winter period, Abies are slow to form callus. Once the first signs of callus formation are detected, normally after 6–9 weeks, daily ventilation is recommended. Some grafters favour routine application of fungicides at intervals of 14–21 days. The grafts are hardened off to full exposure over a minimum period of three to six weeks. Rootstocks should not be allowed to dry excessively, and watering may be necessary.
