ABSTRACT
Pine compatibility appears to have never been fully resol ved and varies from the view that virtually all types are compatible on the rootstocks Pinus mugo, P. mugo subsp. uncinata, P. contorta or P. contorta var. Latifolia. Bonsai production in Japan embraces a number of pine species, especially the Japanese White Pine. As Pines are difficult to induce to root from cuttings, grafting procedures are necessary to produce most cultivars and those species for which seed is rarely available. In the UK and USA, grafting takes place in winter; in Holland, many species within the five needle group and cultivars of P. sylvestris may be grafted in October. Most consider sealing is not required because of the highly resinous content of pine wood and the resultant exudation. Warm callusing or supported warm callusing systems are generally considered essential for grafting pines.
