ABSTRACT
Physicians in Orthopedic, Physiatry, Sports Medicine, Functional Medicine, Naturopathic Medicine and Primary Care have a significant number of patient visits in which the patient has complaints of joint dysfunction and pain related to osteoarthritis (OA). The usual approach of prescribing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and pain medications does not adequately address the pathophysiology and can lead to significant side effects. This chapter discusses pathophysiology, modifiable lifestyle factors, injection therapies, topical therapies modalities, nutritional and other therapies. Biochemical changes in joint tissues precede those anatomical changes which can be identified via standard radiology. Identifying these biochemical alterations via specific biomarkers is an important endeavor in order to identify and treat individuals at risk. Modification of sports-related OA risk factors includes preparticipation evaluation of individual risk factors, inclusion of playing surfaces that decrease joint impact loading, use of equipment including braces, pads, shoes, and training that improves joint dynamic stability.
