ABSTRACT

This chapter summarizes anthropologically constituting original democracy in stateless societies. It explores interactive linkages connected in temporary genealogies continually reforming. The chapter explores governance through cooperatively self-governing mutual consensus. It explains evolving male and female age sets as social, economic and political systems. The chapter also explains ultimately grounding science in anthropology not physics. By 1950, having become an academic and thereby taught American, European and Arabic history, Williams considered himself prepared, now well into his midlife, for intense research on African social and political origins. Having sketched out these main historical characteristics of the Blacks, Williams then turned specifically to what he termed the original African Constitution, including the birth of its political democracy, legal judiciary, human and social rights, and approach to education. In the chiefless African state, then, the function of the elders was wholly advisory. Conflicts between families or clans could be brought before any mutually acceptable elder for settlement.