ABSTRACT
This chapter presents the flowrate phenomena. The precipitation of flow assurance solids is chemistry-dominated, while the deposition is flowrate-dominated. The chemistry is manifested in chemical thermodynamics involving intensive properties such as temperature, pressure, concentration and chemical potential. The flowrate is manifested in the traditional transport phenomena, such as heat transfer, mass transfer and momentum transfer. The mass transfer of solid particles in turbulent flow is different from that of molecules in solution. Laboratory flow-loop and field data are required to couple the phenomena of precipitation and deposition. Both bulk temperature and wall temperature are important parameters in the precipitation and deposition of solids due to pipeline cooling. In oil and gas production, the upstream temperature will typically be the wellhead temperature feeding a flowline. The downstream temperature will be the temperature in the flowline at any distance L. The ambient outside temperature can be the average seabed temperature in offshore operations or the average outside air temperature in onshore operations.
