Introduction

This chapter provides reflections on methodological problems in tackling a research phenomenon of the magnitude of energy transitions. In modern society, all human activities rely on energy. Considerable technical and organizational means are directed toward finding sources of energy and providing the continuous allocation of useful energy in mechanical, chemical, or nuclear form. Socio-technical problems are historically invariant, while their manifold solutions are contingent and variable. As a consequence, energy transitions around the world have been triggered as multi-layered, socio-technical transformation projects that challenge established patterns of technology, business operation, and behaviour. In energy transitions, complexity is all-embracing: Different types of power plants are connected to the network by transmission lines, a distribution infrastructure, and smart devices. In practical terms, the reality of socio-technical energy systems has long attracted attention with regard to smart grids, energy cooperatives, and electric mobility schemes, for instance. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.