ABSTRACT
This essay was first published as a review of Les Deliberations du Conseil des Quatre, 2 vols (Paris, Centre national de la récherche scientifique, 1955), Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, Third Series, Vol. 8: 1938-9, edited by E.L. Woodward and Rohan Butler (London, HMSO, 1955) and Survey of International Affairs, 1939-1946. The Realignment of Europe, edited by Arnold Toynbee and Veronica M. Toynbee (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1955), in the New Statesman and Nation, 50, 1274 (6 August 1955).
Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975) was director of studies at the Royal Insitute of International Affairs (Chatham House), 1925-55, as well as research professor of international history in the University of London. He is best known for his twelve-volume opus A Study of History (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1934-61), with its controversial 'challenge and response' interpretation of civilizations.
