ABSTRACT
Susan Strange is remembered for encouraging us to go beyond states as the primary actor in international relations and bring in compa nies. As she and others have argued, the competition between states is no longer for territory but for shares in the world market for goods and services. Yet, at the beginning of the new millennium, it has become apparent that international relations and international politi cal economy are not solely determined by states and markets. Rather, they are functions of complex, often paradoxical,1 arrangements among the trinity of state, business and civil society. Therefore, in this chapter, we argue that we should go beyond the outdated and misleading orthodoxies of both realism and international political economy by bringing in civil societies. This involves focusing on how non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other elements in civil society seek to maximize their global activity and visibility.
