ABSTRACT
This chapter concerned with two controversies which coincided more or less with the beginning of the bilateral US and Japanese (USJ) negotiations about the science and technology agreement. The Toshiba-Kongsberg issue involved the reliability of Japan as an ally in the US contest with the Soviet Union and the latter was a problem involving the trust, confidence and reliability between two countries and governments in negotiating an agreement. The academic study of USJ S&T relations was usually included, almost as an afterthought, at the end of an economic study. It was a milestone that as the 1980s began the first symposium solely devoted to US-Japan S&T relations was held in Washington, DC, in 1981 under the sponsorship of the Japan-America Society of Washington. Faced with the Japanese S&T Challenge, there was a sudden and urgent need to assess where the US stood in various technologies in comparison to Japan, in particular, and to Europe incidentally.
