ABSTRACT
The 1980 and 1988 STAs were deemed to be agreements signed pursuant to the constitutional authority of the President, rather than a treaty requiring the advice and consent of the US Senate. All interested parties in the USG are requested to sign off on the request for Circular 175 authority, in the case of the 80STA and 88STA this involved many offices in the Department of State and other departments of the USG. The OSTP Director and staff could play the role of the conciliator, facilitator, the catalyst for compromise in internal USG policy discussions or lead the charge to assert and impose its viewpoint. In the MOFA, as in other parts of the GOJ, the leadership of the Japanese effort came from division chief or director who is given, in contrast to the approximately similar level in the USG, unusual leeway and implicit authority to provide day-to-day leadership in managing the issues confronting the MOFA.
