ABSTRACT
Cooperatives and cooperativism play an important role in Venezuelan model. Any form of development requires an institutional framework. Upon Chavez's re-election in December 2006 a new building block was added: the communal councils. It was on 20 October 2012, 13 days after the new electoral victory of Hugo Chavez as president of Venezuela. The resort to several 'hard' military coups in Venezuela was a strategy designed to impose a client regime. The legislative defeat on 6 December revealed that Chavista unity and the growing role of communes on a strategic perspective were inoperative. The crisis and collapse of oil prices greatly enhanced the opportunities for the US and its Venezuelan collaborator's campaign to weaken the government. In 2015 Washington embraced the 2002 strategy of combining multiple forms of attack including economic destabilization, electoral politics, sabotage and military penetration – all directed towards a military-civilian coalition seizing power.
