ABSTRACT
We can judge what risks count as going beyond the normatively acceptable in three distinct ways. Exposure to a hazardous material beyond one's control counts as an involuntary risk; consent on the part of those exposed may have been either assumed or neglected. The release of a microorganism into the environment, where irretrievability is at issue, counts as an irreversible risk; a former, supposedly safer state of affairs can no longer be returned to-permanently. And a hidden risk is one where it is not possible to see or comprehend the nature of the risk; it may require intuition, or specialisation, to make a tutored approximation of it.
