ABSTRACT
This chapter begins with the ancient Stoics that were universal determinists. Universal determinism is at least consistent with the general efficacy of human action, and that any argument to the contrary is obviously based on a fallacy. To pave the way for these arguments, the chapter provides information on fate. By fate, but by naturalistic standards no more than contingent, entity is guaranteed existence under all the alternatives felt by us to be culturally or personally possible. The chapter argues that causal determinism as people understand and as the Stoics understood it, entails the third ground for futilism. Determinism is universalizable, fatalism is not. Most determinists are like ordinary people in the way they reckon the net value of braking to avoid the dog. The chapter considers determinism as it would be from an Aristotelian perspective. The Aristotelian typically holds that explanatory causal necessitation by one event of another runs from later to earlier.
