ABSTRACT
The immediate consequence of the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the US was the virtual closing of its borders, including the US-Canada border. This made the movement of people and goods exceptionally difficult and slow. There were enormous tailbacks of cars and trucks at all the major crossings and many people chose to cross the border only if absolutely necessary. Many of the two thousand nurses who live in Ontario but work in Detroit, for example, decided to stay at the hospitals rather than attempt to cross the border twice a day.
