ABSTRACT
The involvement of citizens in the creation and production of public services is one of the major topics in current public administration and public management research. The difference with government-civil society partnerships is that co-creation and co-production focus on the contribution of individual citizens rather than organizations. Cultural shifts have created an environment in which co-creation and co-production have become more feasible and in which the potential of new technologies could be realized. In public discourse, co-creation and co-production at the individual level still remain relatively less significant compared to classical types of individual participation and to partnerships between government and civil society. To a certain extent, research into co-creation and co-production has moved from agenda-setting to fact-finding. In terms of scope and dynamics, individual participation in health care is quite different from the collaboration between local NGOs and municipalities, yet the co-production and co-creation labels have been used to cover all.
