ABSTRACT

Aspects relating to the venom glands and venom types; injuries, medical treatment, and prevention of injuries; and attacks of marine and freshwater stingrays are given in this chapter.

Among the different families of stingrays, Dasyatidae and Urolophidae comprise the most venomous stingrays with about 35 species under 4 genera. The dorsal location of the barbed tail spine in these stingrays makes these species more efficient stingers than other species. The longer the stingray spine and the more distally located the spine is on the whip-like tail, the greater the danger from stingray spine injuries. Interestingly, all the species of stingrays are venomous and are dangerous to humans. However, larger ones may inflict deeper and more painful wounds (https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006050233052).